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原创TPO8托福听力Lecture3文本+题目+答案解析

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原创TPO8托福听力Lecture3文本+题目+答案解析

现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了,对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分,如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official8托福听力Lecture3文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家,希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。

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官方真题Official8托福听力Lecture3原文文本

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a History class.

Pro: So, we’ve been talking about the printing press, how it changed people’s lives, making books more accessible to everyone. More books meant more reading, right? But, as you know, not everyone has perfect vision. This increase in literacy, um, in reading, led to an increase in demand for eyeglasses. And here’s something you probably haven’t thought of. This increased demand impacted societal attitudes towards eyeglasses.

But, first let me back up a bit and talk about vision correction before the printing press. And, um, what did people with poor vision do, I mean, especially those few people who were actually literate? What did they do before glasses were invented? Well, they had different ways of dealing with not seeing well.

If you think about it, poor vision wasn’t their only problem. I mean, um, think about the conditions they lived in: houses were dark; sometimes there weren’t any windows; candles were the only source of light. So, in some places, um, like ancient Greece, for example, the wealthiest people with poor vision could have someone else read to them – easy solution if you could afford it.

Another solution was something called a “reading stone”. Around 1000 C.E., European monks would take a piece of clear rock, often quartz, and place it on top of the reading material. The clear rock magnified the letters, making them appear larger. Um, well, it’s like what happens when a drop of water falls on something. Whatever’s below the drop of water appears larger, right? Well, the “reading stone” works in a similar way.

But rocks like quartz, well, quartz of optical quality weren’t cheap. Late in the 13th century, glass makers in Italy came up with a less expensive alternative. They made reading stones out of clear glass. And these clear glass reading stones evolved into the eyeglasses we know today. So we’re pretty sure that glasses were invented about the late 1200’s, well, over a hundred years before the printing press.

But it’s not clear who exactly invented them first or exactly what year. But record showed that they were invented in both Europe and China at about the same time. By the way, we call this “independent discovery”. Independent discovery means when something is invented in different parts of the world at the same time and it’s not as unusual as it sounds. You can look at the timeline charts in the back of your textbook to see when things were invented in different cultures at about the same time to see what I’m talking about.

So now let’s tie this to what I’ve said before about societal attitudes towards glasses. Initially, in parts of Europe and in China, glasses were a symbol of wisdom and intelligence. This is evident in the artwork from the period. European paintings often portrayed doctors or judges wearing glasses. In China, glasses were very expensive.

So in addition to intelligence, they also symbolize affluence, um, wealth. In 14th-century Chinese portraits, the bigger the glasses, the smarter and wealthier the subject was. So glasses were a status symbol in some parts of the world.

Now let’s get back to the invention of the painting press in 1440. What happened? Suddenly, books became readily available and more people wanted to read. So the need, oh well, actually not only the need but the demand for more affordable glasses rose drastically. Eventually, inexpensive glasses were produced, and then glasses were available to everyone. People could purchase them easily from a traveling peddler.

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原创TPO8托福听力Lecture2文本+题目+答案解析

现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了,对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分,如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official8托福听力Lecture2文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家,希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。

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官方真题Official8托福听力Lecture2原文文本

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an Art History class.

Pro: We’ve been talking about the art world of the late 19th century in Paris. And today I’d like to look at the women who went to Paris at that time to become artists. Now from your reading, what do you know about Paris, about the art world of Paris during the late 19th century?

Stu: People came there from all over the world to study.

Stu: It had a lot of art schools and artists who taught painting. There were, (our book mentions) classes for women artists. And it was a good place to go to study art.

Pro: If you wanted to become an artist, Paris was not a good place to go; Paris was “THE” place to go. And women could find skilled instructors there. Before the late 19th century, if (they) women who wanted to become artists had to take private lessons or learn from family members. They had more limited options than men did.

But around 1870s, some artists in Paris began to offer classes for female students. These classes were for women only. And by the end of the 19th century, it became much more common for women and men to study together in the same classes. So within a few decades, things had changed significantly.

OK. Let’s back up again and talk about the time period from the 1860s to the 1880s and talk more about what happened in women’s art classes. In 1868, a private art academy opened in Paris, and for decades it was probably the most famous private art school in the world. Its founder, Rodolphe Julian, was a canny businessman. And quickly established his school as a premier destination for women artists. What he did was: After an initial trail period of mixed classes, he changed the school policy. He completely separated the men and women students.

Stu: Any reason why he did that?

Pro: Well. Like I said, Julian was a brilliant businessman, with progressive ideas. He saw that another small private art school where all the students were women was very popular at that time. And that’s probably why he adopted the women only classes. His classes were typically offered by... by established artists and were held in the studio, the place where they painted.

This was a big deal because finally women could study art in a formal setting. And there was another benefit to the group setting of these classes. The classes included weekly criticism. And the teacher would rank the art of all the students in the class from best to worst. How would you like it if I did that in this class?

Stu1: Hah…No way.

Stu2: But our textbook said that the competitive…the competition was good for women. It helped them see where they needed to improve.

Pro: Isn’t that interesting? One woman artist, her name was Marie Bashkirtseff. Bashkirtseff once wrote how she felt about a classmate’s work. She thought her classmate’s art was much better than her own and it gave her an incentive to do better.

Overall the competition in the women’s art classes gave women more confidence. Confidence that they could also compete in the art world after their schooling. And even though Bashkirtseff could not study in the same classes as men, she was having an impact as an artist. Just look at the salon. What do you know about the salon?

Stu: It was a big exhibition, a big art show that they had in Pairs every year. The art had to be accepted by judges.

Stu: It was a big deal. You can make a name for yourself.

Pro: You can have a painting or sculpture in the salon and go back to your home country saying you’ve been a success in Paris. It was sort of uh, a seal of approval. It was a great encouragement for an artist’s career. And by the last two decades of the 19th century, one fifth of the paintings in the salon were by women, much higher than in the past.

In fact, Marie Bashkirtseff herself had a painting in the salon in 1881. Interestingly this masterpiece called “In the Studio” is a painting of the interior of Julian’s art school. It is not in your textbook. I will show you the painting next week. The painting depicts an active crowded studio with women drawing and painting a live model.

It was actually, Bashkirtseff actually followed Julian’s savvy suggestion and painted her fellow students in a class at the school with the artist herself at the far right. A great advertisement for the school when the painting eventually hung up at the salon, for a women’s studio had never been painted before.

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