托福阅读真题练习：月球探索的文本+题目+答案

托福阅读文本：

The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), 　while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.

Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic

pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.

Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes.

They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.

(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.

(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.

(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.

2. The word "undergone" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) altered

(B) substituted

(C) experienced

(D) preserved

3.According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of

(A) age

(B) manner of creation

(C) size

(D) composition

4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo

missions?

(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.

(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.

(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.

(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.

5. The word "vast" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) special

(B) known

(C) varied

(D) great

6.All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:

(A) They have small craters.

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.

(C) They have a rough texture.

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.

7.All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) Moon (line 1)

(B) reflectivity (line 3)

(C) regolith (line 16)

(D) Maria (line 2)

8. The author mentions "wispy marks" in line 19 as an example of

(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions

(B) a characteristic of large craters

(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes

(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon

9.According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on

(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon

(B) the lunar regolith

(C) cataloging various land formations

(D) craters and their origins

10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of

(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study

(B) the different shapes small craters can have

(C) some features of large craters

(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed

托福阅读答案：

BCDAD CACDC

以上就是小编为大家整理的托福阅读100篇真题练习：月球探索的文本、题目以及答案，大家在托福阅读考试进行备考的过程当中也可以拿这些题目来进行练习，相信对于你的托福阅读考试成绩提升会很有帮助。最后，小编预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。

托福阅读文本：

The Homestead Act of 1862 gave heads of families or individuals aged twenty-one or older the

right to own 160 acres of public land in the western United States after five years of residence and

improvement. This law was intended to provide land for small farmers and to prevent land from

being bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large landholders. An early amendment to

the act even prevented husbands and wives from filing separate claims. The West, land reformers

had assumed, would soon contain many 160-acre family farms.

They were doomed to disappointment. Most landless Americans were too poor to become

farmers even when they could obtain land without cost. The expense of moving a family to the

ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many, and the cost of tools, draft animals, a wagon,

a well, fencing, and of building the simplest house, might come to $1,000 — a formidable barrier.

As for the industrial workers for whom the free land was supposed to provide a "safety valve,"

they had neither the skills nor the inclination to become farmers. Homesteaders usually came from

districts not far removed from frontier conditions. And despite the intent of the law, speculators

often managed to obtain large tracts. They hired people to stake out claims, falsely swear that they

had fulfilled the conditions laid down in the law for obtaining legal title, and then deed the land

over to their employers.

Furthermore, 160 acres were not enough for raising livestock or for the kind of commercial

agriculture that was developing west of the Mississippi. The national government made a feeble

attempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders by passing the Timber Culture Act of

1873, which permitted individuals to claim an additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant a

quarter of it in trees within ten years. This law proved helpful to some farmers in the largely

treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of the

245,000 who took up land under theAct obtained final title to the property.

托福阅读题目：

1. Which aspect of the Homestead Act of 1862 does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How it transformed the western United States into a place of small farms

(B) Why it was an improvement over previous attempts at land reform

(C) Why it did not achieve its aim to provide land for small farmers

(D) How it failed in the largely treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas

2.An amendment added to the Homestead Act of 1862 specified that

(A) five years of residence was required for landownership

(B) husbands and wives could not file separate claims

(C) the price of 160 acres of land was $1,000

(D) land could not be resold for a profit

3. The word "formidable" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) obvious

(B) predictable

(C) difficult

(D) manageable

4. It can be inferred that the "safety valve" in line 13 refers to

(A) a new kind of machinery

(B) an alternative for urban workers

(C) an area in a factory

(D) a procedure designed to protect workers

5. The word "intent" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) purpose

(B) power

(C) effect

(D) invention

6.According to the passage , why did the government pass the Timber CultureAct of 1873?

(A) to make larger tracts of land available to small farmers

(B) to settle Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas

(C) to encourage land speculation west of the Mississippi

(D) to increase the variety of trees growing in the western states

7. The word "they" in line 23 refers to

(A) larger holdings

(B) individuals

(C) 160 acres

(D) trees

8. According to the passage , how many of the farmers who settled land under the Timber Culture

Act of 1873 received final title to the property?

(A) fewer than 25%

(B) more than 160

(C) 10% per year

(D) 245,000

9. The passage mentions all of the following as reasons the Homestead Act of 1862 did not

achieve its aims EXCEPT:

(A) Most landless Americans could not afford the necessary tools and provisions.

(B) Industrial workers lacked the necessary farming skills.

(C) The farms were too large for single families to operate successfully.

(D) Homesteaders usually came from areas relatively close to the frontier.

10. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Timber Culture Act of

1873?

(A) It especially helped farmers with large holdings of land.

(B) It was most important to farmers living in states that had plenty of trees.

(C) The majority of farmers did not benefit significantly from it.

(D) The majority of farmers did not need the extra 160 acres it provided.

托福阅读答案：

CBCDAABACC

以上就是小编为大家整理的托福阅读100篇真题练习：宅地法的文本、题目以及答案，大家在托福阅读考试进行备考的过程当中也可以拿这些题目来进行练习，相信对于你的托福阅读考试成绩提升会很有帮助。最后，小编预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。