一篇论文的基本构成为开头(引言)、主体和结尾。除此之外在正式的学术论文中还有摘要(abstract)、文献引用目录(reference list)、附录(appendix)等其他部分。在雅思写作中，我们只讨论最基本的三个部分。
1. Introduction 开头段
引言段的目的是为了让读者了解如下几个方面：
文章的主题 (the topic: A background sentence giving some background information on the essay topic.
一个能根据与论文题目给出背景信息的句子。
涉及的方面(the aspect of the topic being dealt with: A more detailed sentence linking the background sentence to the thesis.)
注意，在阐述涉及话题时，应细化到阐述背景句大话题下的某个具体方面，即文章要讨论的实际内容。
不同文章类型中开头段结构也会有所调整
Argumentation类
作者的立场 (the stand (attitude) taken by the writer to the topic)
在论证性文章里，这个部分应给出作者自身的立场、观点和见解。
Discussion / Report 类
陈述文章的目的(state the purpose of the essay) , 如The aim/purpose of this essay is to …
在议论性论文里，该部分应提出文章的写作目的，如文章是为了解决、解释、阐述、分析或预测某问题、现象、成因、影响或趋势等。
主要观点总结 (outline the main points of the essay: An outline sentence declaring main points you are going to use to support your thesis.)
用一句话简要概括文章主要观点。也就是说，一篇文章的开头其实应该涵括结尾了。
这四个部分最好融入到3句话里面，且字数控制在50词左右。比如有时候第一部分和第二部分可以写成一句话，有时第三部分和第四部分则可写在一句里。注意总结主要观点的时候可以考虑用名词词组提炼主要意思。如果前三个部分太长的话，可以考虑省略第四部分。
1.1 开头段实例 (Samples)
1. Today people are surrounded by many kinds of advertising and this is having an increasing effect on our lives. Do the positive effects outweigh the negative effects?
Introduction
Advertisements have become one of the crucial factors that determines the style and functioning of one’s life in different contexts. The force of advertising reaches out and touches everyone living and working in the modern world today. (描述背景 + 转述题目)For me, advertising nowadays brings more negative influences to the public and strongly affects our daily lives, such as irrational buying behaviours and information explosion. (个人倾向 + 主要观点)
2. Older people who need employment have to compete with younger people. What problems does this cause? And what are the solutions?
Introduction
There is a widely held perception (n. 感知) that old and young people are fighting for a single scarce commodity: jobs (一单一稀缺商品：工作). (描述背景) Many cities have become a front line (前线) in a generational battle (世代之争) for jobs, as older workers increasingly compete against applicants in their 20s for positions in most industries, including supermarkets, McDonald’s, and dozens of (许多) other places. (转述题目)Some problems and effects such as vicious competition (恶性竞争) might arise and from this, possible solutions will be discussed in this essay. (交代文章写作目的)
1.2 参考句型
文章的主题 (1)涉及的方面 (2)
Research has shown that …
It is often reported that…
Recent advances in … have led to…
The issue of … is one which needs to be looked at carefully
It has become apparent in recent years, that…is an issue that many people feel strongly about.This essay will discuss the topic of…in more details.
This essay will consider the problem of … and outline possible solutions.
In this essay, the argument/issue surrounding…will be examined.
The arguments both for and against… will be evaluated in this essay
作者的观点 (3)作者的立场 (3)
However, the writer also thinks…
The writer would also argue that…
However, from the writer’s perspective, …
However, the writer feels the question is not whether…but whether…The writer would argue that…
The writer firmly believes that…
It seems to me that…
The writer tends to think that…
1.3 背景句练习
很明显，政府的主要职责是提高公民的生活标准。(improve citizens’ living standards)
媒体提供给人们所需要的从时事到娱乐新闻的各类信息。(current affairs, entertainments news)
大学被认为是一个增加知识和做学术研究的地方。(conducting academic studies)
从历史角度来看，人类和动物之间的总有着互相冲突的利益。(conflicting interests)
教育，简单地说，就是获取知识、学习规范的行为举止、在某个特定的领域获得技术能力的过程。(gaining knowledge, learning forms of proper conduct, acquiring technical competency)
Sample answers:
It is obvious that the main responsibility of the government is to improve citizens’ living standards.
Media provide people all kinds of information, ranging from current affairs to entertainment news.
The university is normally considered as a place for increasing knowledge and conducting academic studies.
Looked at from a broad historical perspective, it is true that humans and animals have conflicting interests.
Education, simply stated, is the process of gaining knowledge, learning forms of proper conduct and acquiring technical competency in a specific field.
1.4 开头段写作练习
练习1
2. Some people think children in secondary school should study international news as part of the curriculum. Others think that this would be a waste of time as there are already too many subjects for children to concentrate on.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
背景句通过国际新闻，当今人们可以了解那些遥远的国家(distant countries)正在发生的事情。
转述题目有人认为把国际新闻作为学校课程大纲(school curriculum)的一门课是很有帮助的，有人则认为这只会浪费学生们的时间，因为他们在其他科目上负担过重(overload)
个人立场 +
主要观点这篇文章将就这两种看法做出评测。
参考译文：
Through international news, people nowadays can know what is happening in distant countries. While some people are of the opinion that it would be useful to include international news as a subject in the school curriculum, others believe that this is a waste of students’ time because they are already overloaded with subjects to study. This essay will examine both sides of the issue.
练习2
4. According to a recent study, the more time people use the Internet, the less time they spend with real human beings. Some people say that instead of seeing the Internet as a way of opening up new communication possibilities worldwide, we should be concerned about the effect this is having on social interaction.
How far do you agree with this opinion?
背景句近来一份研究表明现在人们花在互联网上时间越多的同时花在与人实际交流(communicating with human beings)的时间越少。
转述题目有人认为这是个趋势倾向正面因为互联网为全球交流和沟通(global interaction and communication)提供了更多可能性。
个人立场我认为虽然这增加了全世界范围内的交流，它仍然对人们日常的社交(social interaction of human beings)产生了消极影响。
参考译文：
A recent research has shown that people nowadays spend more time on the Internet whilst less on communicating with human beings. Some think this is a positive trend as the Internet provides more possibilities for global interaction and communication. I believe that although this has increased the communication around the world, it has also led to negative effects on the day-to-day social interaction of human beings.
练习3
Some people think only the best students should be rewarded. Others say it is more important to reward students who show the improvement.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
背景句奖励学生是很多学校和大学通用的一种普遍方法(a universal method)并通常行之有效。如果学生被给予有吸引力的(appealing)奖励，其既定目标行为(the targeted behaviours)通常都会增加。
转述题目有人认为只有尖子生应该被奖励，而其他人认为奖励对于取得进步的学生更为重要。
个人立场于我而言，两种方法都有道理且应同时(simultaneously)纳入考量。
参考译文：
Rewarding students is a universal method used in many schools and universities; and it usually works. If students are offered with an appealing reward, the targeted behaviours will generally increase. Some argue that only top students are worth rewarding while others think rewarding is more crucial for students making progress. For me, both methods are reasonable and should be simultaneously considered.
练习4
In some countries, more and more adults continue to live with their parents even after they graduate and have found jobs. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
背景句 +
转述题目年轻人离家的因素和时机(The circumstances and the timing of young people leaving home)随着社会、文化和经济发展而改变：成年子女与父母同住或搬回与其原生家庭(family of origin)同住的数量正在增加。
个人立场很多人相信这阻碍了成年人的发展，但是我认为多代混居(multigenerational living)是有好处的，因为它为所有的家庭成员带来益处。
参考译文：
The circumstances and the timing of young people leaving home change with social, cultural, and economic developments: the number of adult children living with their parents or moving back in with their family of origin is increasing. Many believe that this stunts a young adult’s development but I think multigenerational living is a plus as it brings all family members benefits.
通过这一部分的讲解，大家应该可以了解在学术写作中，每个句子都应掷地有声，不要写空话和废话，开头段亦是如此。让每一个句子充分发挥其功用并快速交代主题和文章主要观点是开头段必不可少的部分
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