托福听力Lecture1文本+题目+答案解析
朗阁留学英语托福培训学校
原创TPO8托福听力Lecture1文本+题目+答案解析
现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official8托福听力Lecture1文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。
官方真题Official8托福听力Lecture1原文文本
Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.
Pro: OK. Well, last time we talked about passive habitat selection, like plants for example. They don't make active choices about where to grow. They are dispersed by some other agent, like the wind. And if the seeds land in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce.
With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically select where to live and breed. And because an animal’s breeding habitat is so important, we’d expect animal species to have developed preferences for particular types of habitats, places where their offspring have the best chance of survival. So let's look at the effect this preference can have by looking at some examples. But first let’s recap. What do we mean by habitat? Frank?
Stu: Well, it’s basically the place or environment where an organism normally lives and grows.
Pro: Right, and as we’ve discussed, there are some key elements that a habitat must contain – food obviously, water and it’s got to have the right climate and spaces for physical protection. And we saw how important habitat selection is when we look at habitats where some of these factors are removed, perhaps through habitat destruction. Um, I just read about a shorebird, the plover.
The plover lives by the ocean and feeds on small shellfish, insects and plants. It blends in with the sand, so it’s well-camouflaged from predator birds above. But it lays its eggs in shallow depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nests are really vulnerable.
Out in California where there has been a lot of human development by the ocean, the plovers are now a threatened species. So conservationists tried to recreate a new habitat for them. They made artificial beaches and sand bars in areas inaccessible to people and dogs.And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places.
Ok. That is an instance where a habitat is made less suitable. But now, what about cases where an animal exhibits a clear choice between two suitable habitats? In cases like that, does the preference matter? Well, Let's look at the blue warbler.
The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees. They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. So they’re pretty close to the ground, but these warblers also nest in forests that have low shrubdensity. It is usually the younger warblers that nest in these areas because the preferred spots where there are a lot of shrubs are taken by the older, more dominant birds.
And the choice of habitat seems to affect reproductive success. Because the older, more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas, which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have an impact on the number of chicks they have.
But a preferred environment doesn't always seem to correlate with greater reproductive success. For example, In Europe, studies have been done of blackcap warblers. We just call them blackcaps.
The Blackcap can be found in two different environments. Their preferred habitat is forests near the edge of streams. However, blackcaps also live in pine woods away from water. Studies have been done on the reproductive success rates for the birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas – the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well. Why?
It turned out that there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream. So this stream edge area had a much denser population, which meant more members of the same species competing for resources, wanting to feed on the same things or build their nests in the same places, which lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though it’s their preferred habitat.
So the results of the study suggest that when the number of the competitors in the prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second rank habitat becomes just as successful as the prime habitat, just because there are fewer members of the same species living there. So it looks like competition for resources is another important factor in determining if a particular habitat is suitable.
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原创TPO8托福听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official8托福听力conversation2文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。
官方真题Official8托福听力Conversation2原文文本
Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and a business professor.
Pro: So, Richard... what’s up?
Stu: Well, I know we have a test coming up on chapters, um…
Pro: Chapters 3 and 4 from your textbook.
Stu: Right, 3 and 4. Well, I didn’t get something you said in class Monday.
Pro: Alright. Do you remember what it was about?
Stu: Yeah, you were talking about a gym... a health club where people can go to exercise, that kind of thing.
Pro: Ok, but the health club model is actually from chapter 5, so…
Stu: Oh, chapter 5? Oh so it not... OK, but I guess I still want to try to understand…
Pro: Of course. Well, I was talking about an issue in strategic marketing, the health club model; I mean with a health club you might think they would have trouble attracting customers, right?
Stu: Well, I know when I pass by a health club and I see all those people working out. They’re exercising. I just as soon walk on by.
Pro: Yes, there is that. Plus, lots of people have exercise equipment at home, or they can play sports with their friends. Right?
Stu: Sure.
Pro: But nowadays, in spite of all that, and expensive membership fees, health clubs are hugely popular, so how come?
Stu: I guess that is what I didn’t understand.
Pro: Ok, basically they have to offer things that most people can’t find anywhere else – (you know) quality. That means better exercise equipment, high-end stuff, and classes... exercise classes, maybe aerobics.
Stu: I am not sure if I…ok I get it. Yeah. And you know another thing is I think people probably feel good about themselves when they are at the gym. And they can meet new people, socialize.
Pro: Right, so health clubs offer high quality facilities. And also they sell an image about people having more fun, relating better to others and improving their own lives if they become members.
Stu: Sure, that makes sense.
Pro: Well, then, can you think of another business or organization that could benefit from doing this?
Stu: Um…
Pro: Think about an important building on campus here, something everyone uses, a major source of information.
Stu: You mean like an administrative building?
Pro: Well, that’s not what I had in mind.
Stu: Oh, you mean the library!
Pro: Exactly, libraries. Imagine public libraries; they’re an information resource for the whole community, right?
Stu: Well, they can be, but now with the internet and big book stores, you can probably get what you need without going to a library.
Pro: That’s true. So if you were the director of a public library, what would you do about that?
Stu: To get more people to stop in? Well, like you said, better equipment, maybe a super-fast internet connection, and not just a good variety of books, but also like nice comfortable areas where people can read and do research. Things that make them want to come to the library and stay.
Pro: Great!
Stu: Oh, and maybe have authors come and do some readings or ... I don’t know, special presentations. Something people couldn’t get at home.
Pro: Now, you are getting it.
Stu: Thanks, Professor Wilkins. I think too.
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